Problems of feed safety and its countermeasures
Time：2018-5-10 9:19:27 Click：1583
Current feed security is no longer confined to the feed industry or animal husbandry and the industry itself, but rather involves a wider range of social issues, political, ecological problems, and even international issues, has become the industry outside the public widely concern about the hot issue. If we don't pay attention to it and control it in a smaller scale, it will still affect the health and sustainable development of the industry in the future.
1. Ten aspects of feed safety.
1.1 residual and resistance transmission of antibiotics.
The long-term use or abuse of antibiotics has become more and more serious, and poses a great threat to human health. In clinical medical treatment and epidemic survey found that a variety of pathogenic bacteria have different degrees of resistance, and has proved the bacterial drug resistance genes can be bacteria, the bacteria in the fauna in the crowd, passing each other between the bacteria in the ecosystem.
Some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics. For example, gram-negative bacteria are not sensitive to penicillin, and streptococcus is naturally resistant to antibiotics produced by itself. Most of the drug resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is produced by gradually, staphylococcus start especially sensitive to penicillin, so far, 80% of the bacterial strains has produced drug resistance to penicillin. The resistance comes from bacteria produced by bacteria in the process of genetic evolution, the evolution of the bacteria is bacteria in order to adapt to the change of environmental conditions and the process of evolution by natural selection of bacterial chromosomes, spontaneous mutations can lead to some bacteria resistant bacteria. In the selection process of antibiotics, non-mutant bacteria are killed and eliminated, while drug-resistant mutant strains grow and multiply in large Numbers. The presence of bacterial drug resistance on the one hand, cause the original effective antibiotic treatment effect on animal infectious diseases, livestock and poultry farms treatment greatly improved, in addition, some animal drug resistant strains through the way such as food is passed to humans, the effect of antibiotic treatment of human diseases also greatly decreased. Some diseases, such as tuberculosis, which had previously threatened mankind, are beginning to threaten mankind again.
Antibiotics are used as feed additives to cause antibiotics to remain in animal products in their original form or as metabolites. Distribution of antibiotics after being absorbed by animals, throughout the body, but the liver, kidney, spleen etc organization distribution is more, also can through the lactation and egg production process and residue in milk, eggs, thus widely residues in animal products. The residues of antibiotics not only affect the quality and flavor of animal products, but also endanger human health, causing the drug resistance of animals to be transmitted to humans.
1.2 clenbuterol hydrochloride or other beta-stimulant residual problems.
At present, the problem of lean meat has become a typical problem of food safety or food safety.
Another prominent beta - doping is the illegal use of the dopamine lake, the use of ractopamine is also safe hidden trouble, in a crackdown on clenbuterol after use, illegal use of lake dopamine stand out.
1.3 the residual problem of hormone promoting growth agent.
Growth hormone is adenohypophysis eosinophilic cells to produce more peptide hormone, pig with growth hormone (PST) can be extracted from pig pituitary, but can be by recombinant DNA technology, using e. coli to produce. The safety of peptide hormones, particularly the recombinant pig growth hormone (PST) and bovine growth hormone (BST), is still under discussion.
1.4 hazard of mad cow disease.
The main reason for the outbreak and spread of mad cow disease is to feed cattle with "mad cow disease factor" meat bone meal. Bse is neither a bacteria nor a virus, but an abnormal protein. The spread of mad cow disease is mainly caused by the wide spread of meat and bone meal. Currently, the number of countries with mad cow disease worldwide has increased to nearly 20.
1.5 dioxin pollution.
1.6 microbial contamination.
The biological contamination of feed refers to the contamination of microorganisms and their metabolites, parasites and insects, among which mold and mycotoxin are the most harmful. Mycotoxins are metabolites found in food and feed, which can directly cause pathological changes of human or animal, and have been found to contain more than 300 mycotoxins. The United States agricultural science and technology commission estimates that about 25 percent of the world's crops are contaminated with mold each year, making economic losses difficult to estimate. The contaminated feed of mildew not only reduces the nutritional value, but also may produce different kinds of mycotoxins that produce different kinds of mycotoxins, which lead to acute and chronic poisoning of livestock and poultry. In addition, the mycotoxins that remain in the muscle, viscera, or milk of the animals may also be passed through the food chain.
Aflatoxin is a group of similar structure of fungi secondary metabolites, which are resistant to high temperature and low temperature, and are rapidly decomposed by alkali, but can be recovered under acidic conditions. Aflatoxin is a liver toxin, which mainly affects the liver, showing strong cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Young livestock and poultry are sensitive to aflatoxin, especially in duckling, which is characterized by liver necrosis, fibrosis, local hemorrhage and hepatic cell fatty degeneration. Corn gibberellin, also known as gibberellin or f-2 toxin, is a non-steroid hormone produced by fusarium. The main production of the fungus is hegu scythe fungus, the corn gibberella toxin in the single stomach animal mainly manifested as estrogenic intoxication. Animal middle pig for corn gibberellic toxin is most sensitive, it usually can cause swine vulva redness and uterine volume increases, the pregnancy sow can result in stillbirth, mummy, miscarriage or newborn piglets death wait for a phenomenon.
In addition, pathogenic microorganisms contaminate the feed and then contaminate animal products is an important way to spread disease. Salmonella, escherichia coli, staphylococcus, clostridium botulinum and other pathogens that should not be detected in feed are present. Animal feed raw meat meal, bone meal, meat and bone meal and fish meal often contaminated with salmonella, animals infected with salmonella can after a cross infection to people thereby, seriously affected the animal feed safety and food safety.
1.7 pollution of heavy metal elements.
Pig feed add high doses of copper (125 ~ 250 mg/kg), not only has the growth promoting effect, and can make the waste black, when the feed to add 100 to 125 mg/kg, the copper in the liver copper rise 2 ~ 3 times; Increase by 10 times when 250 mg/kg is added; When 500 mg/kg was added, the liver copper level reached 1,500 mg/kg. Excessive liver copper can affect liver function, reduce Hb content and blood volume. After human consumption of this pig liver, the occurrence of haemoglobin reduction and jaundice and other toxic symptoms. With the increase of copper content, the addition of zinc, iron and other elements also increased. In recent years, use 2000-3000 mg/kg zinc oxide to prevent diarrhea in piglets. The use of high - zinc and high - speed iron can also produce similar high - copper residue and toxic effects.
Inferior if adding mineral element in the compound feed additives, can lead to heavy metal elements, of which the most important, mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic as livestock and poultry and residual heavy metals poisoning. The general mechanism of heavy metal damage to animal body is to bind protein to insoluble salt and make protein denaturation. The animal body is absorbed and enriched with a large amount of toxic elements through feed, and the result must be toxic.
1.8 pesticide pollution and residual problems.
The application of a large amount of pesticide not only causes the direct deposition of the animal and human body surface, but also causes a large amount of residue in the crops. The pesticide residues in the husks, husks and roots of the crops are far higher than the edible parts, which are also the main sources of livestock feed. Organochlorine insecticides, such as DDT, y-bhc, and sulfudan, can be deposited in adipose tissue. From the perspective of feed hygiene, when the animal feeds on the food contaminated with pesticide, it will lead to the residue of pesticides in the tissues and products, which will affect the human health and the export of foreign trade animal products.
The contamination and residual problems of arsine.
In the feed industry, the organic arsine preparations (mainly roxacin and assanic acid) are widely used as animal growth promoters. Heavy use of arsenic can cause environmental pollution and endanger human health.
1.10 safety of gm feed.
2. Ensure the safety of feed.
2.1 strengthen the formulation of laws and regulations on feed safety.
2.2 strengthen law enforcement management of feed safety.
2.3 strengthen supervision and inspection of feed quality.
2.4 formulate and improve feed industry standards and industry standards.
2.5 the implementation of comprehensive quality management.
2.6 establish the feed safety technology guarantee system.
2.6.1 formulate technical regulations for drug use.
Drug residues are mainly related to the variety, dosage, route and time of drug delivery and animal species. According to these features make the reasonable medical procedures and withdrawal period, the concentration of drug residues in animal products within the scope of the pre-ipo to the maximum allowable residues, can ensure the edible safety of animal products.
2.6.2 establish early warning parameters for hazardous substances.
2.7 strengthen the research and development of new technology and new products of feed.
Such as antibiotics, high copper and arsenic preparation feed additive for animal production performance and feed efficiency has a significant role in promoting, stop the use of these substances on the animal production performance, and even harmful to the whole animal agriculture and social life. In the case of antibiotics, the elimination of antibiotics will bring great difficulties to the control of animal diseases and increase the dosage of treatment. After the elimination of antibiotics, the animal production performance will decrease, which will inevitably increase the production cost of animal products. Without solving this problem, the safety problem of animal products will not be solved fundamentally.
In recent years, with the rapid development of biotechnology and genetic engineering, enzymes, microbial additives, oligosaccharides, small peptides, nucleotides, and egg yolk antibodies and other feed additives in feed is also more and more, the application of its in promoting animal production performance and improve the level of animal health has obvious effect. The above mentioned additives mainly have the following characteristics:
2.7.1 improve the animal's production performance by adjusting the nutrition physiology, microecological balance and the physical and chemical properties of the animal's digestive tract.
2.7.2 its effect is influenced by many factors, and its potential can be displayed scientifically.
2.7.3 it is a kind of natural green product which is not toxic or residues in itself, and is completely metabolized or utilized in the body.
2.7.4 part belongs to the product produced by biotechnology, and the required technical conditions are higher.
2.7.5 is a conditioned feed additive. If the animal's digestive tract functions normally or USES regular diet, its effect is limited. It is only an auxiliary means of modulating and regulating.
Among these additives, the use of p-glucanase and arabinoglyase was the best in the non-conventional feed ingredients. The most widely used microbial additives are lactobacillus, bacillus and bacillus.
Oligosaccharides and other products are called probiotics, which directly provide the fermentation substrate for the beneficial bacteria existing in the digestive tract, promote the proliferation of beneficial microorganisms, and regulate the microecological balance of the digestive tract. There are two types of products: one is the low-poly fructose that promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria, and the other is the low polysaccharide that promotes the immune response.
The yolk antibody prevents the pathogenic escherichia coli from sticking to the mucous membrane of the small intestine through the immune response, so as to prevent and treat the diarrhea of piglets and improve the growth performance.
All in all, the problem of feed safety is more complicated and the situation is more serious, whether from the scope or the actual impact. Only in-depth and detailed analysis its harmfulness, through a combination of means and measures to the research and management, establish feed safety management system and technology system, to make the feed safety control in the smallest scope, real animal food safety.
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